Beer Street and Gin Lane are two prints issued in by English artist William Hogarth in support of what would become the Gin blogger.comed to be viewed alongside each other, they depict the evils of the consumption of gin as a contrast to the merits of drinking blogger.com almost the same time and on the same subject, Hogarth's friend Henry Fielding published An Inquiry into the Late Increase There are commentary as well as essay questions on the set plays in the first section of the exam. prose, the short story and the novel. Authors include John Smith, Mary Rowlandson, Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Jefferson, Charles Brockden Brown, George Moses Hornton, Nathaniel Hawthorne, James Fenimore Cooper, Sojourner Truth Het eerste als boek uitgegeven verslag van een gevangenneming door indianen dateert van en is van Mary Rowlandson: A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Rowlandson. Daarin vertelt ze hoe ze op 10 februari samen met haar drie kinderen door een groep indianen uit New England thuis overvallen werd en drie maanden
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Beer Street and Gin Lane are two prints issued in by English artist William Hogarth in support of what would become the Gin Act. Designed to be viewed alongside each other, they depict the evils of the consumption of gin as a contrast to the merits of drinking beer, mary rowlandson essay. At almost the same time and on the same subject, Hogarth's friend Henry Fielding published An Inquiry into the Late Increase in Robbers.
Issued together with The Four Stages of Crueltythe prints continued a movement started in Industry and Idlenessaway from depicting the laughable foibles of fashionable society as he had done with Marriage A-la-Mode and towards a more cutting satire on the problems of poverty and crime, mary rowlandson essay. On the simplest level, Hogarth portrays the inhabitants of Mary rowlandson essay Street as happy and healthy, nourished by the native English aleand those who live in Gin Lane as destroyed by their addiction to the foreign spirit of gin; but, as with so many of Hogarth's works, closer inspection uncovers other targets of his satire, and reveals that the poverty of Gin Lane and the prosperity of Beer Street are more intimately connected than they at first appear.
Gin Mary rowlandson essay shows shocking scenes of infanticidestarvationmadness, decay, and suicidewhile Beer Street depicts industry, health, bonhomie, and thriving commerce; but there are contrasts and subtle details that some critics [ citation needed ] believe allude to the prosperity of Beer Street as the cause of the misery found in Gin Lane.
The gin crisis was severe. From onward the English government encouraged the industry of distillingas it helped prop up grain prices, which were then low, and increase trade, particularly with England's colonial possessions. Imports of French wine and spirits were banned to encourage the industry at home. Indeed, Daniel Defoe and Charles Davenantamong others, particularly Whig economists, had seen distilling as one of the pillars of British prosperity in the balance of trade.
In the heyday of the industry there was no quality control whatsoever; gin was frequently mixed with turpentineand licences for distilling required only the application. When it became apparent that copious gin consumption was causing social problems, efforts were made to control the production of the spirit, mary rowlandson essay. The Gin Act imposed high taxes on sales of gin, forbade the sale of the spirit in quantities of less than two gallons mary rowlandson essay required an annual payment of £ 50 for a retail licence.
These measures had little effect beyond increasing smuggling and driving the distilling trade underground. Various loopholes were exploited to avoid the taxes, including selling gin under pseudonyms such as Ladies' DelightBobCuckold's Delightand the none-too-subtle Parliament gin. Francis Place later wrote that enjoyments for the poor of this time were limited: They had often had only two: "sexual intercourse and drinking," and that "drunkenness is by far the most desired" as it was cheaper and its effects more enduring.
The two prints were issued a month after Hogarth's friend Henry Fielding published his contribution to the debate on gin: An Inquiry into the Late Increase in Robbersand they aim at the same targets, though Hogarth's work makes more of oppression by the governing classes as contributing factor in the gin craze, and concentrates less on the choice of crime as a ticket to a life of ease.
Hogarth advertised their issue in the London Evening Post between 14 and 16 February alongside the prints of The Four Stages of Crueltywhich were issued the following week:. This Day are publish'd, Price 1 s. Two large Prints, mary rowlandson essay, design'd and etch'd by Mr. Hogarth called BEER-STREET and GIN-LANE A Number will be printed in a better Manner for the Curious, at 1s. And on Thursday following will be publish'd four Prints on the Subject of Cruelty, Price and Size the same.
As the Subjects of these Prints are calculated to reform some reigning Vices peculiar to the lower Class of People, in hopes to render them of more extensive use, the Author has published them in the cheapest Manner possible.
To mary rowlandson essay had at the Golden Head in Leicester-Fields, Where may be had all his other Works. The prints, like The Four Stages of Crueltyhad moralising verses composed by Rev James Townley and, on the surface, had a similar intent — to shock the lower classes into reforming. Mary rowlandson essay directly from drawings, no paintings of the two scenes exist, although there are preliminary sketches.
Hogarth also had an eye on his copyright: the lower prices meant there was less chance of the images being reproduced and sold without Hogarth's permission. Although Hogarth had been instrumental in pushing through the Engraving Copyright Actso much so that the Act is commonly known as "Hogarth's Act", keeping costs down provided further insurance against piracy.
Set in the parish of St Giles — a notorious slum district that Hogarth depicted in several works around this time — Gin Lane depicts the mary rowlandson essay and despair of a community raised on gin. Desperation, mary rowlandson essay, death and decay pervade the scene. The only businesses that flourish serve the gin industry: gin sellers; a distiller the aptly named Kilman ; the pawnbroker where the avaricious Mr.
Gripe greedily takes the vital possessions the carpenter offers his saw and the housewife her cooking utensils of the mary rowlandson essay residents of the street in return for a few pennies to feed their habit; and the undertaker, for mary rowlandson essay Hogarth implies at least a handful of new customers from this scene alone. Most shockingly, the focus of the picture is a woman mary rowlandson essay the foreground, who, addled by gin and driven to prostitution by her habit — as evidenced by the syphilitic sores on her legs — lets her baby slip unheeded from her arms and plunge to its death in the stairwell mary rowlandson essay the gin cellar below.
Half-naked, she has no concern for anything other than a pinch of snuff. to buy gin. In another case, an elderly woman, Mary Estwick, let a toddler burn to death while she slept in a gin-induced stupor.
Other images of despair and madness fill the scene: mary rowlandson essay lunatic cavorts in the street, beating himself over the head with a pair of bellows while holding a baby impaled on a spike — the dead child's frantic mother rushes from the house screaming in horror; a barber has taken his own life in the dilapidated attic of his barber-shop, ruined because nobody can afford a haircut or shave; on the steps, mary rowlandson essay, below the woman who has let her baby fall, a skeletal pamphlet-seller rests, perhaps dead of starvation, as the unsold moralising pamphlet on the evils of gin-drinking, The Downfall of Mrs Ginslips from his basket.
An ex-soldier, he has pawned most of his clothes to buy the gin in his basket, next to the pamphlet that denounces it. Next to him sits a black dog, a symbol of despair and depression. Outside the distiller a fight has broken out, and a crazed cripple raises his crutch to strike his blind compatriot, mary rowlandson essay. Images of children on the path to destruction also litter the scene: aside from the dead baby on the spike and the child falling to its death, a baby is quieted by its mother with a cup of gin, and in the background of the scene an orphaned infant bawls naked on the floor as the body of its mother is loaded into a coffin on orders of the beadle.
Hogarth also chose the slum of St Giles as setting for the first scene of The Four Stages of Crueltywhich he issued almost simultaneously with Beer Street and Gin Lane. Tom Nero, the central character of the Cruelty series wears an identical arm badge. In front of the pawnbroker's door a starving boy and a dog fight over a bone, while next to them a girl has fallen asleep; approaching her is a snail, mary rowlandson essay, emblematic of the sin of sloth.
In the rear of the picture the church of St. George's Church, Bloomsbury can be seen, but it is a faint and distant image, and the picture is composed so it is the pawnbroker's sign, which forms a huge corrupted cross for the steeple: the people of Gin Lane have chosen to worship elsewhere. In comparison to the sickly hopeless denizens of Gin Lane, the happy people of Beer Street sparkle mary rowlandson essay robust health and bonhomie.
Industry and jollity go hand in hand". Pinch lives in the one poorly maintained, crumbling building in the picture. In contrast to his Gin Lane counterpart, the prosperous Gripe, mary rowlandson essay, who displays expensive-looking cups in his upper window a sign of his flourishing businessPinch displays only a wooden mary rowlandson essay, perhaps a mousetrap, in his upper window, while he is forced to take his beer through a window in the door, which suggests his business is so unprofitable as mary rowlandson essay put the man in fear of being seized for debt.
The sign-painter is also shown in rags, mary rowlandson essay, but his role in the image is unclear. The rest of the scene is populated with doughty and good-humoured English workers.
It is George II's birthday 30 October indicated by the mary rowlandson essay flying on the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields in the background and the inhabitants of the scene are no doubt toasting his health. Under the sign mary rowlandson essay the Barley Mowa blacksmith or cooper sits with a foaming tankard in one hand and a leg of beef in the other, mary rowlandson essay.
Together with a butcher — his steel hangs at his side — they laugh with the pavior sometimes identified as a drayman as he courts a housemaid the key she holds is a symbol of domesticity. Ronald Paulson suggests a parallel between the trinity of signs of ill-omen in Gin Lanethe pawnbroker, distiller, mary rowlandson essay, and undertaker, and the trinity of English "worthies" here, the blacksmith, mary rowlandson essay, pavior, and butcher.
Close by a pair of fish-sellers rest with a pint and a porter sets down his load to refresh himself. In the background, two men carrying a sedan chair pause for drink, while the passenger remains wedged inside, her large hoop skirt pinning her in place.
In this image it is a barrel of beer that hangs from a rope above the street, in contrast to the body of the barber in Gin Lane. The inhabitants of both Beer Street and Gin Lane are drinking rather than working, but in Beer Street the workers are resting after their labours — all those depicted are in their place mary rowlandson essay work, or have their wares or the tools of their trade about them — while in Gin Lane the people drink instead of working.
Aside from the enigmatic sign-painter, the only others engaged in work in the scene are the tailors in an mary rowlandson essay. The wages of journeyman tailors were the subject of an ongoing dispute, which was finally settled by arbitration at the July Quarter sessions in the journeymen's favour.
Some believe that the tailors serve another purpose, in that Hogarth shows them continuing to toil while all the other inhabitants of the street, including their master, pause to refresh themselves. Hogarth also takes the opportunity to comment on artistic pretensions. Tied up together in a basket and destined for use as scrap at mary rowlandson essay trunk-maker are George Turnbull's On Ancient Paintingmary rowlandson essay, Hill on Royal Societiesmary rowlandson essay, Modern TragediesPolticks vol.
Lauder's work was a hoax that painted Milton as a plagiarist. The picture is a counterpoint to the more powerful Gin Lane — Hogarth intended Beer Street to be viewed first to make Gin Lane more shocking — but it is also a celebration of Englishness and depicts of the benefits of being nourished by the native beer. No foreign influences pollute what is a fiercely nationalistic image. An early impression showed a scrawny Frenchman being ejected from the scene by the burly blacksmith who in later prints holds aloft a leg of mutton or ham Paulson suggests the Frenchman was removed to prevent confusion with the ragged sign-painter.
There is a celebration of English industriousness in the midst of the jollity: the two fish-sellers sing the New Ballad on the Herring Fishery by Hogarth's friend, the poet John Lockmanwhile their overflowing baskets bear mary rowlandson essay to the success of the mary rowlandson essay industry; the King's speech displayed on the table makes reference to the "Advancement of Our Commerce and the cultivating Art of Peace"; and although the workers have paused for a break, it is clear they are not idle.
The builders have not left their workplace to drink; the master mary rowlandson essay toasts them from his window but does not leave the attic; the men gathered around the table in the foreground have not laid their tools aside. Townley's patriotic verses further refer to the contrast between England and France:. Paulson sees the images as working on different levels for different classes.
The middle classes would have seen the pictures as a straight comparison of good and evil, while the working classes would have seen the connection between the prosperity of Beer Street and the poverty of Gin Mary rowlandson essay. He focuses on the well-fed woman wedged into the sedan chair at the rear of Beer Street as a cause of the ruin of the gin-addled woman who is the principal focus of Gin Lane, mary rowlandson essay.
The free-market economy espoused in the King's address and practised in Beer Street leaves the exponents prosperous and corpulent mary rowlandson essay at the same time makes the poor poorer. For Paulson the two prints depict the results of a move away from a paternalistic state towards an unregulated market economy.
Further, more direct, contrasts are made with the woman in the sedan chair and those in Gin Lane : the woman fed gin as she is wheeled home in a barrow and the dead woman being lifted into her coffin are both mirror images of mary rowlandson essay hoop-skirted woman reduced to madness and death, mary rowlandson essay. The sign-painter is the most difficult figure of the two images to characterise. He appeared in preliminary sketches as another jolly fat archetype of Beer Street—but by the time of the first print, Hogarth had transformed him into a threadbare, scrawny, and somewhat dreamy character who has more in common with the inhabitants of Gin Lane than those who populate the scene below him.
However he is painting a sign advertising gin, mary rowlandson essay, so his ragged appearance could equally reflect the rejection of the spirit by the people mary rowlandson essay Beer Street. He may also be a resident of Gin Lane, mary rowlandson essay, and Hogarth includes him as a connection to the other scene, and as a suggestion that the government's initial policy of encouraging the distillation of gin may be the cause of both Gin Lane's ruin and Beer Street's prosperity.
He is ignored by the inhabitants of Beer Street as they ignore the misery of Gin Lane itself. The corpulent types that populate Beer Street later featured as representations of ugliness in Hogarth's The Analysis of Beautywhile the painter, as he mary rowlandson essay back to admire his work, forms the serpentine shape that Hogarth identified as the " line of beauty ". Thomas Clerk, in his The Works of William Hogarthwrites that the sign-painter has been suggested as a satire on Mary rowlandson essay Liotard called John Stephen by Clerkmary rowlandson essay, a Swiss portrait painter and enameller whom Horace Walpole praised for his attention to detail and realism, mentioning he was, " devoid of imagination, and one would think memory, mary rowlandson essay, he could render nothing but what he saw before his eyes.
Beer Street and Gin Lane with their depictions of the deprivation of the wasted gin-drinkers and the corpulent good health of the beer-drinkers, owe a debt to Pieter Bruegel the Elder 's La Maigre Cuisine and La Grasse Cuisine engraved by Pieter van der Heyden inwhich shows two meals, one of which overflows with food and is populated by fat diners, while in the other the emaciated guests squabble over a few meagre scraps.
Brueghel's compositions are also mirrored in the layers of detail in Hogarth's two images. Inspiration for these two prints and The Four Stages of Cruelty probably came from mary rowlandson essay friend Fielding: Hogarth turned from the satirical wit of Marriage A-la-Mode in favour of a more cutting examination of crime and punishment with these prints and Industry and Idleness at the same time that Fielding was approaching the subject in literature.
Charles Knight said that in Beer Street Hogarth had been "rapt beyond himself" and given the characters depicted in the scene an air of "tipsy jollity". His comments on Gin Lane formed the centre of his argument to rebut those who considered Hogarth a vulgar artist because of his choice of vulgar subjects:.
There is more of imagination in it-that power which draws all things to one,-which makes things animate and inanimate, beings with their attributes, subjects and their accessories, take one colour, and serve to one effect. Every thing in the print, to use a vulgar expression, mary rowlandson essay, tells. Every part is full of "strange images of death. The critic William Hazlitt shared Lamb's view that Hogarth was unfairly judged on the coarseness of his subject matter rather than for his skill as an artist.
He singled out Gin Lane and The Enraged Musician as particular examples of Hogarth's imagination and mary rowlandson essay that "the invention shewn in the great style of painting is poor in the comparison". Both John Nichols and Samuel Felton felt that the inclusion of Turnbull's work in the pile of scrap books was harsh, Felton going as far as to suggest Hogarth should have read it before condemning it.
After the Tate Mary rowlandson essay 's exhibition of Hogarth's works the art critic Brian Sewell commented that "Hogarth saw it all and saw it straight, without Rowlandson's gloss of puerile humour and without Gainsborough's gloss of sentimentality," but in a piece titled Hogarth the Ham-fisted condemned mary rowlandson essay heavy-handedness and lack of subtlety that made his images an "over-emphatic rant in his crude insistence on excessive and repetitive detail to reinforce a point, mary rowlandson essay.
The reception by the general public is difficult to gauge.
Mary Rowlandson Part I
, time: 15:24About the register of charities
Het eerste als boek uitgegeven verslag van een gevangenneming door indianen dateert van en is van Mary Rowlandson: A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Rowlandson. Daarin vertelt ze hoe ze op 10 februari samen met haar drie kinderen door een groep indianen uit New England thuis overvallen werd en drie maanden There are commentary as well as essay questions on the set plays in the first section of the exam. prose, the short story and the novel. Authors include John Smith, Mary Rowlandson, Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Jefferson, Charles Brockden Brown, George Moses Hornton, Nathaniel Hawthorne, James Fenimore Cooper, Sojourner Truth Achiever Papers: A custom essay writing service that sells original assignment help services to students. We provide essay writing services, other custom assignment help services, and research materials for references purposes only. Students should ensure that they reference the materials obtained from our website appropriately
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