The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from until Mao Zedong's death in Launched by Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), its stated goal was to preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, is the set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between and the late s, that increased agricultural production in parts of the world, beginning most markedly in the late s. The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of cereals, especially dwarf The Revolution resolved the issue of who would control the Chinese government (i.e. the revolution resolved the political crisis generated by the rivalry between the Guomindang (KMD) and the Communist Party of China). The Communist Party of China (CPC) took power in Beijing and the KMD leadership fled to the island of Taiwan
The Chinese Economy from the Revolution to the Great Leap Forward
The Cultural Revolutionformally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolutionwas a sociopolitical movement in China from until Mao Zedong 's death in Launched by Mao ZedongChairman of the Chinese Communist Party CCP and founder of the Agricultural revolution essays Republic of China PRCits stated goal was to preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese societyand to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought known outside China as Maoism as the dominant ideology in the PRC.
The Revolution marked Mao's return to the central position of power in China after a period of less radical leadership to recover from the failures of the Great Leap Forwardwhich contributed to the Great Chinese Famine only five years prior. Launching the movement in May with the help of the Cultural Revolution GroupMao soon called on young people to " bombard the headquarters ", and proclaimed that "to rebel is justified".
In order to eliminate his rivals within the CCP and in schools, factories, and government institutions, Mao charged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society with the aim of restoring capitalism.
He insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggleto which China's youth, as well as urban workers, responded by forming Red Guards and " rebel groups " around the country.
They would begin to hold struggle sessions regularly, and grab power from local governments and CCP branches, eventually establishing the revolutionary committees in The agricultural revolution essays often split into rival factions, agricultural revolution essays, however, becoming involved in ' violent struggles ' simplified Chinese : 武斗 ; traditional Chinese : 武鬥 ; pinyin : wǔdòuto which the People's Liberation Army had to be sent to restore order.
Having compiled a selection of Mao's sayings into the Little Red Bookwhich became a sacred text for Mao's personality cultLin BiaoVice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Agricultural revolution essayswas written into the constitution as Mao's successor. Mao declared the Revolution over inbut the Revolution's active phase would last until at leastwhen Lin Biao, accused of a botched coup against Maofled and died in a plane crash.
Inthe Gang of Four rose to power and the Cultural Revolution continued until Mao's death and the arrest of the Gang of Four in The Cultural Revolution damaged China's economy and traditional culture, with an estimated death toll ranging from hundreds of thousands to 20 million. Red Guards destroyed historical relics and artifactsas well as ransacking cultural and religious sites. The Banqiao Dam failureone of the world's greatest technological catastrophes, also occurred during the Cultural Revolution.
Meanwhile, tens of millions of people were persecuted : senior officials, most notably Chinese president Liu Shaoqialong with Deng XiaopingPeng Dehuaiand He Longwere purged or exiled ; millions were accused of being members of the Five Black Categoriessuffering public humiliationimprisonment, torture, hard labor, seizure of property, and sometimes execution or harassment into suicide; intellectuals were considered the " Stinking Old Ninth " and were widely persecuted—notable scholars and scientists such as Lao SheFu LeiYao Tongbinand Zhao Jiuzhang were killed or committed suicide.
Schools and universities were closed with the college entrance exams cancelled. Over 10 million urban intellectual youths were sent to agricultural revolution essays countryside in the Down to the Countryside Movement. InDeng Xiaoping became the new paramount leader of China and started the " Boluan Fanzheng " program which gradually dismantled the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution, and brought the country back to order.
Deng then began a new phase of China by initiating the historic Reforms and Opening-Up program. Inthe CCP declared and acknowledged that the Cultural Revolution was a wrong decision and was "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the people, the country, and the party since the founding of the People's Republic.
Inafter China's first Five-Year PlanMao called for " grassroots socialism " in order to accelerate his plans for turning China into a modern industrialized state. In this spirit, Mao launched the Great Leap Forward, established People's Communes in the countryside, and began the mass mobilization of the people into collectives, agricultural revolution essays.
Many communities were assigned production of a single commodity— steel. Mao vowed to increase agricultural production to twice that of levels. The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many uneducated farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead instructed to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres.
The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel.
Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated agricultural revolution essays numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically.
The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions. The Great Leap's failure reduced Mao's prestige within the Party.
Forced to take major responsibility, inagricultural revolution essays, Mao resigned as the President of ChinaChina's de jure head of state, and was succeeded by Liu Shaoqiwhile Mao remained as Party chairman and Commander-in-chief.
In July, senior Party leaders convened at the scenic Mount Lu to discuss policy. At the conference, Marshal Peng Dehuaithe Minister of Defence, criticized Great Leap policies in a private letter to Mao, agricultural revolution essays, writing that it was plagued by mismanagement and cautioning against elevating political dogma over the laws of economics.
Despite the moderate tone of Peng's agricultural revolution essays, Mao took it as a personal attack against his leadership. Peng was replaced by Lin Biaoanother revolutionary army general who became a more staunch Mao supporter later in his career. While agricultural revolution essays Lushan Conference served as a death knell for Peng, agricultural revolution essays, Mao's most agricultural revolution essays critic, it led to a shift of power to moderates led by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, who took effective control of the economy following By the early s, many of the Great Leap's economic policies were reversed by initiatives spearheaded by Liu, Deng, and Premier Zhou Enlai.
This moderate group of pragmatists were unenthusiastic about Mao's utopian visions. Owing to his loss of esteem within the party, Mao developed a decadent and eccentric lifestyle. In the early s, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union USSR were the two largest Communist states in the world. Although initially they had been mutually supportive, disagreements arose after the death of Joseph Stalin and the rise agricultural revolution essays Nikita Khrushchev to power in the Soviet Union.
InKhrushchev denounced Stalin and his policiesand began implementing post-Stalinist economic reforms. Mao and many other members of the Chinese Communist Party CCP opposed these changes, believing that they would have negative repercussions for the worldwide Marxist movement, among whom Stalin was still viewed as a hero. Mao believed that Khrushchev did not adhere to Marxism—Leninismbut was instead a revisionistaltering his policies from basic Marxist—Leninist concepts, agricultural revolution essays, something Mao feared would allow capitalists to regain control of the country.
Relations between the two governments soured. The USSR refused to support China's case for joining the United Nations and reneged on its pledge to supply China with a nuclear weapon.
Mao went on to publicly denounce revisionism in April Without pointing fingers at the Soviet Union, Mao criticized its ideological ally, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. In turn, the USSR criticized Agricultural revolution essays ally the Party of Labour of Albania. InMao launched the Socialist Education Movementwhich is regarded as the precursor of the Cultural Revolution, agricultural revolution essays. His approach was less than transparent, achieving this purge through newspaper articles, agricultural revolution essays meetings, and by skillfully employing his network of political allies.
In latehistorian and Beijing Deputy Mayor Wu Han published a historical drama entitled Hai Rui Dismissed from Office. In the play, an honest civil servantHai Ruiis dismissed by a corrupt emperor. While Mao initially praised the play, in Februaryhe secretly commissioned his wife Jiang Qing and Shanghai propagandist Yao Wenyuan to publish an article criticizing it. Yao's article put Beijing Mayor Peng Zhen [i] on the defensive.
Peng, a powerful official and Wu Han's direct superior, was the head of the " Five Man Group ", a committee commissioned by Mao to study the potential for a cultural revolution. Peng Zhen, aware that he would be implicated if Wu indeed wrote an "anti-Mao" play, wished to contain Yao's influence. Yao's article was initially only published in select local newspapers. Peng forbade its publication in the nationally distributed People's Daily and other major newspapers under his control, instructing them to write exclusively about "academic discussion," and not pay heed to Yao's petty politics.
Agricultural revolution essays dismissal likely emboldened Mao's allies to move against their factional rivals. In December, agricultural revolution essays, Defence Minister and Mao loyalist Lin Biao accused General Luo Ruiqingthe chief of staff of the PLAof being anti-Mao, alleging that Luo put too much emphasis on agricultural revolution essays training rather than Maoist "political discussion.
Stress from the events led Luo to attempt suicide. Having ousted Luo and Yang, Mao returned his attention to Peng Zhen. On February 12,the "Five Man Agricultural revolution essays issued a report known as the February Outline 二月提纲.
The Outlinesanctioned by the Party centre, defined Hai Rui as a constructive academic discussion and aimed to distance Peng Zhen formally from any political implications. However, Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan continued their denunciation of Wu Han and Peng Zhen. Meanwhile, Mao also sacked Propaganda Department director Lu Dingyia Peng Zhen ally.
Lu's removal gave Maoists unrestricted access to the press. Mao would deliver his final blow to Peng Zhen at a high-profile Politburo meeting through loyalists Kang Sheng and Chen Boda. They accused Peng Zhen of opposing Mao, labeled the February Outline "evidence of Peng Zhen's revisionism," and grouped him with three other disgraced officials as part of the "Peng-Luo-Lu-Yang Anti-Party Clique.
In Mayan "expanded session" of the Politburo was called in Beijing. The conference, rather than being a joint discussion on policy as per the usual norms of party operationswas mainly a campaign to mobilize the Politburo into endorsing Mao's political agenda, agricultural revolution essays.
The conference was heavily laden with Maoist political rhetoric on class struggle and filled with meticulously-prepared 'indictments' on the recently ousted leaders such as Peng Zhen and Luo Ruiqing, agricultural revolution essays. One of these documents, released on May 16, was prepared with Mao's personal supervision and was particularly damning: [17] : 39— Those representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, agricultural revolution essays, the army, and various spheres of culture are a bunch of counter-revolutionary revisionists.
Once conditions are ripe, they will seize political power and turn the dictatorship of the proletariat into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, agricultural revolution essays. Some of them we have already seen through; others we have not, agricultural revolution essays.
Some are still trusted by us and are being trained as our successors, persons like Khrushchev for example, who are still nestling beside us. This text, which became known as the "May 16 Notification" Chinese : 五一六通知 ; pinyin : Wǔyīliù Tōngzhīsummarized Mao's ideological justification for the Cultural Revolution.
After the purge of Peng Zhen, the Beijing Party Committee had agricultural revolution essays ceased to function, paving the way for disorder in the capital. On May 25, under the guidance of Cao Yi'ou [ zh ] —wife of Maoist henchman Kang Sheng— Nie Yuanzia philosophy lecturer at Peking Universityauthored a big-character poster 大字报 ; dàzìbào along with other leftists and posted it to a public bulletin.
Nie attacked the university's party administration and its leader Lu Ping. Agricultural revolution essays promptly endorsed Nie's dazibao as "the first Marxist big-character poster in China.
Students everywhere began agricultural revolution essays revolt against their respective schools' party establishment. Classes were promptly cancelled in Beijing primary and secondary schools, followed by a decision on June 13 to expand the class suspension nationwide. When the dismissal of Peng Zhen and the municipal party leadership became public in early June, widespread confusion ensued.
The public and foreign missions were kept in the dark on the reason for Peng Zhen's ousting. The work teams were hastily dispatched and had a poor understanding of student sentiment. Unlike the political movement of the s that squarely targeted intellectuals, the new movement was focused on established party cadres, many of whom were part of the work teams. As a result, agricultural revolution essays, the work teams came under increasing suspicion for being yet another group aimed at thwarting revolutionary fervour, agricultural revolution essays.
Liu Shaoqi insisted on continuing work-team involvement and suppressing the movement's most radical elements, fearing that the movement would spin out of control. On July 16, the year-old Chairman Mao took to the Yangtze River in Wuhanwith the press in tow, in what became an iconic "swim across the Yangtze " to demonstrate his battle-readiness.
He subsequently returned to Beijing on a mission to criticize the party leadership for its handling of the work-teams issue. Mao accused the work teams of undermining the student movement, calling for their full withdrawal on July agricultural revolution essays Several days later a rally was held at the Great Hall of the People to announce the decision and set the new tone of the movement to university and high school teachers and students.
At the rally, agricultural revolution essays, Party leaders told the masses assembled to 'not be afraid' and bravely take charge of the movement themselves, free of Party interference. The work-teams issue marked a agricultural revolution essays defeat for President Liu Shaoqi politically; it also signaled that disagreement over how to handle the unfolding events of the Cultural Revolution would break Mao from the established party leadership irreversibly.
Agricultural Revolution, phases and types
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The Revolution resolved the issue of who would control the Chinese government (i.e. the revolution resolved the political crisis generated by the rivalry between the Guomindang (KMD) and the Communist Party of China). The Communist Party of China (CPC) took power in Beijing and the KMD leadership fled to the island of Taiwan Jun 07, · Andris Nelsons and BSO continue Shostakovich cycle with new album. BOSTON — Three Grammy Awards and a mountain of rave reviews stand behind Andris Nelsons’ ongoing cycle of the 15 symphonies of Dmitri blogger.com conductor’s run of visionary interpretations with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, recorded live by Deutsche Grammophon, is set to continue with the The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from until Mao Zedong's death in Launched by Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), its stated goal was to preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from
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